A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the supervision of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below), but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught, is commonly called a university college or university.
In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary and secondary education. Kindergarten or pre-school provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). University, vocational school, college or seminary may be available after secondary school. A school may also be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or a school of dance. Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods.
There are also non-government schools, called private schools. Private schools may be for children with special needs when the government does not supply for them; religious, such as Christian schools, hawzas, yeshivas, and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. Schools for adults include institutions of corporate training, Military education and training and business schools.
In homeschooling and online schools, teaching and learning take place outside of a traditional school building.
Great schools have many distinguishing features in common. Some exhibit a number of uncommon features as well. This post is not intended to be an exhaustive report on all the characteristics of great schools. It lists, however, 10 features that most educational experts and practitioners consider to be necessary in the anatomy of any great school. I present them here in no particular order.
A very clear and shared mission and vision for the school: A contextual philosophy of education for the school is also paramount. Staff, students, parents and the community need to know the purpose and operational parameters of the school. Nothing is left to chance.
Very clear goals and objectives which are communicated to the staff, students, parents and wider community: Everyone in the school knows exactly what he or she is required to do on a daily basis in order to meet the institutional goals and objectives. This speaks to performance on every level.
Great leadership from the principal: The principal is both instructional leader and manager of the school. While both these roles are important, he or she must pay particular attention to instructional leadership. This is what drives continual improvement in teaching and learning throughout the school.
A relentless focus on teaching and learning: This is informed by the belief that all students can learn. Teachers must find ways to motivate and engage them. The curriculum is rigorous and teacher performance is regularly monitored by the principal and executive staff. Teachers and students strive for excellence in academic and extracurricular activities. Good performance is always publicly recognized and rewarded in various ways.
Parental involvement in the school: Many studies have shown that students learn better when their parents take a close interest in their schooling and form partnerships with teachers. Parents can also help in various school activities. Alumni and the wider community can also offer assistance in many ways.
High expectations for students and staff: It is common knowledge that students will generally live up to your expectations. When they know that teachers genuinely care about them and believe in their ability, they work harder and perform better.
A culture and climate which are conducive to learning: This is reinforced by praise and rewards for good performance and a student-centred approach to teaching.
A safe environment: Zero tolerance for violence, bullying, drugs, alcohol, offensive weapons, stealing, sexual misconduct, and gangs. Heavy emphasis on positive values such as respect, honesty, hard work, self-discipline, fairness and caring.
A focus on professional development for teachers: This includes mentoring, delegation of tasks and additional responsibilities and formal in-house or external professional development courses. Teachers are accountable for their performance.
Teamwork: Identification and collaborative solving of teaching and learning problems at the school. Staff members are empowered to take the initiative and make decisions. The principal facilitates and monitors this process.
